My Light Diagram

Analogue signal Analogue meter display Analogue systems Analogue systems process analogue signals which can take any value within a range, for example the output from an   LDR   (light sensor) or a microphone. An audio amplifier is an example of an analogue system. The amplifier produces an output voltage which can be any value within the range of its power supply. An analogue meter can display any value within the range available on its scale. However, the precision of readings is limited by our ability to read them. For example the meter on the right shows 1.25V because the pointer is estimated to be half way between 1.2 and 1.3. The analogue meter can show any value between 1.2 and 1.3 but we are unable to read the scale more precisely than about half a division. All electronic circuits suffer from 'noise' which is unwanted signal mixed in with the desired signal, for example an audio amplifier may pick up some mains 'hum' (the 50Hz frequency of the UK m...

The operation of the converter is based on the weighted adding and transferring of the analogue input levels and the digital output levels. It consists of comparators and resistors. In theory, the number of bits is unlimited, but each bit needs a comparator and several coupling resistors. The diagram shows a 4-bit version. The value of the resistors must meet the following criteria: R1:R2 = 1:2; R3:R4:R5 = 1:2:4; R6:R7:R8:R9 = 1:2:4:8. The linearity of the converter depends on the degree of precision of the value of the resistors with respect to the resolution of the converter, and on the accuracy of the threshold voltage of the comparators. This threshold level must be equal, or nearly so, to half the supply voltage. Moreover, the comparators must have as low an output resistance as possible and as high an input resistance with respect to the load resistors as feasible. Any deviation from these requirements affects the linearity of the converter adversely. Digital Converter to 4-Bit ...

This circuit uses two comparator that are combined in what is called a window comparator, i.e. resistors R2, R5, and R10 determine a voltage window within which the voltage applied to the junction of D2 and D6 must lie in order for the outputs of IC2.A and IC2.B to both be high at the same time. Given the value used for these resistors, this window is from 10/21 to 11/21 of the comparator supply rail (5 V). If IC2.A and IC2.B outputs are both high at the same time, transistor T1 is saturated via the AND gate formed by D3 and D4, and relay RE1 is energized to operate the electric latch or any other locking device. Analogue Electronic Key Circuit Diagram The key is defined by the generation of the specif ic voltage at the junction of D2 and D6, formed, for example, by a simple stereo jack containing the two resistors R4 and R8. Together with R1 and R9, they form a potential divider that needs to be suitably calculated in conjunction with the values of R2, R5, and R10 so that the key can ...