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Amplification is the method of increasing the amplitude of a AC signal current or voltage such as audio signal for sound or video signal for a television picture. The amplifier allows a small input signal to control a bigger amount of power in the output circuit. The output signal is a replica of the original input signal but has higher amplitude. Amplification is necessary as in most applications, the signal is weak to be used directly. For example, an audio output of 1mV from a microphone is unable to drive a loud speaker which requires a few volts to operate. Hence, the signal require to be amplified to a few volts before it can be fed in to the loud speaker. NP N Transistor Circuit Configurations An example of different type of transistor configurations in the circuit is as shown in Figure one below. (1) The common emitter(CE) circuit makes use of emitter as its common electrode. The input signal is applied to the base and the amplified output is taken from the collector. This is t...

Introduction: This section of tutorial will explain you everything that you need to know about stepper motors. Stepper motors can be used in various areas of your microcontroller projects such as making robots, robotic arm, automatic door lock system etc. This tutorial will explain you construction of stepper motors (unipolar and bipolar stepper motors ), basic pricipal, different controlling types (Half step and Full step), Interfacing Techniques (using ULN2003) and programming your microcontroller in C to control stepper motor.  Unipolar stepper motor The unipolar stepper motor has five or six wires and four coils (actually two coils divided by center connections on each coil). The center connections of the coils are tied together and used as the power connection. They are called unipolar steppers because power always comes in on this one pole. Bipolar stepper motor The bipolar stepper motor usually has four wires coming out of it. Unlike unipolar steppers, bipolar steppers ha...

Introduction to measuring instruments Measurements play an important role in achieving goals and objectives of Engineering . Measurements are basically a means of communication and are used by scientists for understanding natural phenomenon, by the society for transacting business and by the engineers for practical ends. The advancement of science and technology is dependent upon a parallel progress in measurement techniques. The reason for this are obvious. The importance of measurement is simply and eloquently expressed in the following statement of the famous physicist Lord Kelvin. “ I often say that when you can measure what you are speaking about and can express it in numbers, you know something about it; when you cannot express in it numbers your knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind.” Measurement is essentially a process in which the magnitude of a quantity is determined in comparison with another similar quantity. Measurements involve the use of instruments as a phy...