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One way to charge batteries rapidly without abuse is to measure cell temperature and tapper the charge accordingly. The circuit uses a thermocouple for this function. A second thermocouple nulls out the effects of ambient temperature. The temperature difference between the two thermocouples determines the voltage , which appears at the amplifier's positive input. As battery temperature rises, this small negative voltage ( 1 degree Celcius between the thermocouples equals 40uV ) becomes larger. The amplifier, operating at a gain of 4300, gradually reduces the current through the battery to maintain its inputs at balance. The battery charges at a high rate until heating occurs and the circuit then tapers the charge. The values given in the circuit limit the battery-surface temperature rise over ambient to about 5 Degree Celcius. Part List : Resistor R1_____620K R2_____43K R3_____10R R4_____2K R5_____0.6R 5W Capacitor C1_____1uF C2_____0.1uF Diode D1_____1N4148 D2_____1N4001 Transisto...

This electronic voltage controlled switch circuit diagram project make a very easy. In this electronic project circuit the 555 timer is used in a novel way, as a voltage controlled switch.  Voltage Controlled Switch Circuit Diagram: Notes: The old and omnipresent NE555 can be very good at something it was not meant for: driving relays or other loads up to 200 mA. The picture shows an example circuit: if the input level rises over 2/3 of the supply voltage - it will turn on the relay, and the relay will stay on until the level at the input drops below one third of the supply voltage. If the relay and D1 were connected between pin 3 and ground, the relay would be activated when the input voltage drops below one third, and deactivated when the input voltage goes over two thirds of the supply voltage. It is also a nice advantage that the input requires only about 1 uA, which is something bipolar transistors can't compete with. (This high impedance input must not be left open.) A large ...

                                                    B1=AC BUZZER

This post will provide you with the basic information on how a remote controlled vehicle can be constructed. Read on to know more about this. The components required to construct the vehicle is listed below: 1.2Ghz 1000mW Receiver+Transmitter USPS Priority Mail boxes Hitec Optima 6 2.4Ghz Receiver Arrowind 18A Brushless Speed Controller 2200mAh 20C LiPo Battery Pack Brushless motor Custom motor-reversing relay board Foam wheels 7-Inch Handheld LCD TV Servo The first thing to do here is to test the wireless transmitter. All the required components are mounted on the USPS mail box. Once the test is done, the box is strapped onto a nitro RC truck. The vibrations caused prevents the truck to be driven via the wireless video feed. The best thing to do in this case is to add wheels and propulsion to the box.

Build a Voltage-Controlled Attenuator VC Using FET . Using the circuit shown in the schematic diagram below, we can control the low-level audio signals with ±3V variable DC voltage. This attenuator circuit uses a field effect transistor (FET) to shunt the signal to ground. The R2 is used to control the output level (the attenuation level), but you can use other source of voltage signal to control the grid of the FET, such as DAC output, just remember that this voltage is a negative going signal (you can use with DAC which uses symmetric power supply system). The minimum output of this circuit is when gate bias is zero. When the gate bias is set close to pinchoff value, the circuit will produce maximum output with value that equal to input level. Here is the schematic diagram of the circuit: Voltage-Controlled Attenuator VC Using FET Circuit Diagram

In most cases, the frequency of an oscillator is determined by the time constant RC. However, in cases or applications such as FM, tone generators, and frequency-shift keying (FSK), the frequency is to be controlled by means of an input voltage, called the control voltage. This can be achieved in a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). A VCO is a circuit that provides an oscillating output signal (typically of square-wave or triangular waveform) whose frequency can be adjusted over a range by a dc voltage. Voltage Controlled Oscillator Block Diagram : An example of a VCO is the 566 IC unit, that provides simultaneously the square-wave and triangular-wave outputs as a function of input voltage. The frequency of oscillation is set by an external resistor R1 and a capacitor C1 and the voltage Vc applied to the control terminals. Figure shows that the 566 IC unit contains current sources to charge and discharge an external capacitor Cv at a rate set by an external resistor R1 and the mo...

This is a simple Audio Controlled Mains Switch Circuit Diagram . Simple but very forkful project for audio liker circuit. This circuit will switch off the line supply to audio or video equipment if there has been no input signal for about 2 seconds. SI provides manual operation and S2 acts as a reset. This circuit allows for time to change a tape or compact disc.About 50 mV of audio signal is necessary. Read:  Solid-State Switch For Dc-Operated Gadgets Audio Controlled Mains Switch Circuit Diagram Sourced By : Circuitsstream

This circuit is built around a 555 timer using very few components. Since the circuit is very simple, even a novice can easily build it and use it as a controlling device. A laser pointer, now easily available in the market, can be used to operate this device. This circuit has been tested in operational conditions from a distance of 500 meters and was found to work satisfactorily,though it can be controlled from still longer distances. Circuit diagram : Laser Controlled ON/OFF Switch Circuit Diagram Aiming (aligning) the laser beam exactly on to the LDR is a practical problem. The circuit is very useful in switching on/off a fan at night without getting off the bed. It can also be used for controlling a variety of other devices like radio or music system. The limitation is that the circuit is operational only in dark or dull lit environments. By focusing the laser beam on LDR1 the connected gadget can be activated through the relay, whereas by focusing laser beam on LDR2 we can switch...

This is a simple project of PIC Controlled Relay Driver circuit is a relay driver that is based on a PIC16F84A microcontroller. The board includes four relays so this lets us to control four distinct electrical devices. The controlled device may be a heater, a lamp, a computer or a motor. To use this board in the industrial area, the supply part is designed more attentively. To minimize the effects of the ac line noises, a 1:1 line filter transformer is used. The transformer is a 220V to 12V, 50Hz and 3.6VA PCB type transformer. The model seen in the photo is HRDiemen E3814056. Since it is encapsulated, the transformer is isolated from the external effects. A 250V 400mA glass fuse is used to protect the circuit from damage due to excessive current. A high power device which is connected to the same line may form unwanted high amplitude signals while turning on and off. To bypass this signal effects, a variable resistor (varistor) which has a 20mm diameter is paralelly connected to the...

How to build a Crystal-controlled-reflection-oscillator circuit diagram . This is a simple crystal controlled reflection oscillator circuit, this unit is easily tunable and stable, consumes little power, and costs less than other types of oscillators tlmt operate at the same frequencies. This unusual combination of features is made possible by a design concept that includes operation of the transistor well beyond the 3 dB frequency of its current-versus- frequency curve.   Crystal Controlled Reflection Oscillator Circuit Diagram The concept takes advantage of newly available crystals that resonate at frequencies up to about 1 GHz.The emitter of transistor Q is connected with variable capacitor Cl and series-resonant crystal X. The emitter is also connected to ground through bias resistor Rl. The base is connected to the parallel combination of inductor L and capacitor C3 through DE-blocking capacitor and C4 and is forward biased with respect to the emitter by resistors R3 and...

Description Described here is a very inexpensive solution to many phono-controlled applications like remote switching on, for instance, or activating a camera, tape recorder, burglar alarms, toys, etc. The circuit given here employs a condenser microphone as the pick-up. A two-stage amplifier built around a quad op-amp IC LM324 offers a good gain to enable sound pick-up upto four metres. The third op-amp is configured as a level detector whose non-inverting terminal is fed with the amplified and filtered signal available at the output of the second op-amp. The inverting input of the third op-amp is given a reference voltage from a potential divider consisting of a 10k resistor and a 4.7k preset. The 100-ohm resistance in series with the potential divider ensures against the mis-triggering of the circuit by noise. Thus by adjusting the preset one can control the sensitivity (threshold) of the circuit. The sensitivity control thus helps in rejecting any external unwanted sounds which may...

            Haptics is a field of science and technology dedicated to tactile sensation and it has applications fro everything from handheld electronic devices to remotely operated robotics. Now a days robotics are used to perform surgery. The main advantages they provide are decreased blood loss,less pain and quicker healing time. Robotic assistance decreases the fatigue that doctors experience during surgery. This system developed  Robotic ARM for doctors to perform surgery on the patients even though they are physically not in the same location. The movement of user's arm along with haptic technology is used to control the Robotic ARM. Sensors like Mems(Accelerometer) and Flex sensor is used to control the Robot. Servomotor is used for Robot motion. A Radio frequency camera is used to transmit the visual signals of surgery to doctor's PC or TV where a RF Camera receiver is interfaced.           ...

A phase-controlled dimmer delays the triac turn-on to a selected point in each successive ac half cycle. Use this circuit only for incandescent lamps, heaters, soldering irons, or universal motors that have brushes. Phase Controlled Dimmer Circuit Diagram

Build a Voltage-Controlled Attenuator VC Using FET. Using the circuit shown in the schematic diagram below, we can control the low-level audio signals with ±3V variable DC voltage. This attenuator circuit uses a field effect transistor (FET) to shunt the signal to ground. The R2 is used to control the output level (the attenuation level), but you can use other source of voltage signal to control the grid of the FET, such as DAC output, just remember that this voltage is a negative going signal (you can use with DAC which uses symmetric power supply system). The minimum output of this circuit is when gate bias is zero. When the gate bias is set close to pinchoff value, the circuit will produce maximum output with value that equal to input level. Here is the schematic diagram of the circuit: Voltage-Controlled Attenuator VC Using FET Circuit Diagram

One of the most interesting things you can do with the iPod touch is using it as a remote control for other devices that is why some created remote control applications. The entire device was rewired to allow the owner to start the car, open the doors and trunk, roll down the windows, control the radio, the car alarm and even the engine. The range of this is limited because the communication is through Bluetooth. What makes this car different from other remote controlled; it can be controlled via voice commands. It is conceivable that an iPod touch could replace the fanciest of universal remotes and it is worth a try for all the hobbyists out there.