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EARLY EFFECT AND BASE-WIDTH MODULATION IN TRANSISTORS (BJT) A BJT Transistor consisting of three terminals, collector, base, and Emitter and two Junctions, Emitter-Base Junction and Collector-Base Junction. Normally a bipolar Junction Transistor operates on three regions 1. ACTIVE REGION 2. SATURATION REGION 3. CUT-OFF REGION It is well explained in my previous article about Different Operating Modes and Biasing of Transistors,i hope you read it. Now back to our topic, EARLY EFFECT AND BASE-WIDTH MODULATION . In active region, the Emitter-Base Junction is forward biased and Collector-Base Junction is reverse biased, so the barrier width at Emitter-Base Junction is negligible in comparison with the space charge width at Collector-Base Junction. The transition or space-charge region at a Junction is the region of uncovered charges on both sides of the Junction. As the Voltage applied across the Junction increases, the transition region penetrates deeper into the Collector-Base Junction. ...

Thermal Runaway and the use of Heat sink in BJT The maximum average power in which a transistor can dissipate depends upon the construction of transistor and lie in the range of few milliwatts and 200W. The maximum power is limited by the temperature that the collector Base junction can withstand. The maximum power dissipation is usually specified for the transistor enclosure is 25 degree celsius. The junction temperature may increase either because of rise in ambient temperature or because of self heating. The problem of self heating arises due to dissipation of power at the collector junction. The leakage current Icbo is extremely temperature dependent and increases with the rise in temperature of collector-base junction. With the increase in collector current Ic, collector power dissipation increases which raises the junction temperature that leads to further increase in collector current Ic. The process is cumulative and may lead to the eventual destruction of transistor. This phe...

Here’s a SIMPLE WATER LEVEL INDICATOR CIRCUIT . It is best suited for overhead water tanks to display the amount of water. The circuit consisting of 3 LED’s used to indicate minimum, medium and maximum levels. It is possible to increase the count of indicator LED’s and make it more convenient. The circuit is powered by a 6V battery and it consumes only very less current. Read More.....