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The 555 Timer is an integrated circuit (chip) implementing a variety of timer and multivibrator applications. The IC was designed and invented by Hans R. Camenzind. It was designed in 1970 and introduced in 1971 by Signetics (later acquired by Philips). The original name was the SE555/NE555 and was called "The IC Time Machine". The 555 gets its name from the three 5-k Ohm resistors used in typical early implementations. It is still in wide use, thanks to its ease of use, low price and good stability. As of 2003[update], 1 billion units are manufactured every year. The 555 timer is one of the most popular and versatile integrated circuits ever produced. It includes 23 transistors, 2 diodes and 16 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package (DIP-8). The 555 has three operating modes: * Monostable mode: in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot". Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bouncefree switches, touch switch...

What is modulation? In analog or digital communication system, it is impossible to transmit a low frequency message signal over a channel, it causes signal distortion, attenuation or signal loss. Inorder to make the transmission ideal (almost), we have to use some techniques called modulation. Modulation can be defined as the process of varying some characteristics of carrier signal in accordance with the instantaneous value of message signal. Carrier signal is a high  frequency wave generated by a local oscillator, used to carry the message signal from transmitter to reciever. The message signal which is mixed with carrier wave is called modulated signal and the process is called Modulation. The modulation is an important process in a basic communication system, which increases the transmission range, reduces the size of antenna and increases the efficiency of the system by reducing noise interference. Read More.....

Timers Both PIC16f887 and 877 have three timers; timer 0, timer 1, and timer 2. Timer 0 is 8-bit and can also be use as counter, Timer 1 is 16-bit timer as well as a counter, where as Timer 2 is 8-bit timer and can be used as the PWM time base for the PWM mode of the CCP module(s).  Timer 0: The Timer0 module timer/counter has the following features: 8-bit timer/counter Readable and writable 8-bit software programmable prescaler Internal or external clock select Interrupt on overflow from FFh to 00h Edge select (rising or falling) for external clock Timer mode is selected by clearing bit T0CS (OPTION_REG<5>). In Timer mode, the Timer0 module will increment every instruction cycle (without prescaler). Counter mode is selected by setting bit T0CS (OPTION_REG<5>). In Counter mode, Timer0 will increment either on every rising or falling edge of pin RA4/T0CKI. The incrementing edge is determined by the Timer0 Source Edge Select bit, T0SE (OPTION_REG<4>). Clearing bit T...