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EARLY EFFECT AND BASE-WIDTH MODULATION IN TRANSISTORS (BJT) A BJT Transistor consisting of three terminals, collector, base, and Emitter and two Junctions, Emitter-Base Junction and Collector-Base Junction. Normally a bipolar Junction Transistor operates on three regions 1. ACTIVE REGION 2. SATURATION REGION 3. CUT-OFF REGION It is well explained in my previous article about Different Operating Modes and Biasing of Transistors,i hope you read it. Now back to our topic, EARLY EFFECT AND BASE-WIDTH MODULATION . In active region, the Emitter-Base Junction is forward biased and Collector-Base Junction is reverse biased, so the barrier width at Emitter-Base Junction is negligible in comparison with the space charge width at Collector-Base Junction. The transition or space-charge region at a Junction is the region of uncovered charges on both sides of the Junction. As the Voltage applied across the Junction increases, the transition region penetrates deeper into the Collector-Base Junction. ...

What is modulation? In analog or digital communication system, it is impossible to transmit a low frequency message signal over a channel, it causes signal distortion, attenuation or signal loss. Inorder to make the transmission ideal (almost), we have to use some techniques called modulation. Modulation can be defined as the process of varying some characteristics of carrier signal in accordance with the instantaneous value of message signal. Carrier signal is a high  frequency wave generated by a local oscillator, used to carry the message signal from transmitter to reciever. The message signal which is mixed with carrier wave is called modulated signal and the process is called Modulation. The modulation is an important process in a basic communication system, which increases the transmission range, reduces the size of antenna and increases the efficiency of the system by reducing noise interference. Read More.....